Preliminary Shot Definition

Match On Action is an example of continuity editing and is where the perspective of the camera changes but the scene still continues to flow. Even though the shots may have been filmed hours apart from each other, match on action gives the impression that the whole scene was shot at one time. By having the action carry through each shot, this creates a visual bridge which means the audience are less likely to notice any errors which may have been made during the editing of the video.

Here is an example of match on action:  

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mv93covb53w

Shot/Reverse Shot is another continuity editing technique mostly used in conversations or when characters are looking at someone or something else. For example, a POV or over the shoulder shot of the character looking at another person or object and then a reverse angle shot which shows the character. A shot/reverse shot is a feature of the 'classical' Hollywood style of continuity editing.
Here are examples of shot/reverse shots which I found:

The 180 Degree Rule (also known as the Line of Action) is a basic guideline in filmmaking which is about the on-screen relationship between a character and another character or object in the scene. There is an imaginary line called the axis and the camera is only allowed to stay on one side of the axis during filming which is why this is called the 180 degree rule. If the camera does pass the line then this is called 'crossing the line' or 'jumping the line'. This rule allows the audience to gain a greater sense of location as to what may be on-screen and off-screen in some shots for example, the shot/reverse shot.

Here is a picture which shows what the 180 degree rule is:

                                       

Eyeline Match is a technique which is based on the fact that the audience would want to see what the character is looking at so there would be a cut which shows what they are looking at like an object, view or another character. For example, the character is looking off-screen to their right and then the film cuts to someone the character is looking at as they walk past. Alfred Hitchcock uses a lot of eyeline matches in one of his films which is called 'Rear Window'. The main character in this film is attached to his apartment and is constantly looking out the rear window at things in the building opposite him. The camera goes from the main character to the ongoing events across from him. This technique also includes matching eyelines between characters for example, filming two actors in a scene with the same lens at the same height or from the height of each character.

An example of eyeline match:

                                     

A Cutaway shot is where a continuous shot is interrupted by an insert of something else. This may be done to produce a longer sequence so editors may include another action or object in the same location. The cutaway shot is normally quite short and does eventually return to the original scene. The most common use of this technique is to be dramatic and either adjust the pace, cover any deleted scenes during the main shot or even allow two versions of the shot to be joined together. 

Single Camera Filming is a method of filmmaking where either a motion picture camera or a professional video camera is used to take shots individually. As the name clearly shows, only a single camera is used during filming.

                                    

Filmmakers almost always choose to use this method. In television, single camera filming is used for music videos, soap operas, sitcoms etc.